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公司主要财产、账册等灭失无法清算时清算义务人连带责任的认定/高民尚

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实践中,大量公司解散后应当清算而不清算,甚至故意借解散之机逃废债务,不仅损害了债权人利益,而且还对社会经济秩序造成了严重的危害。为建立一个健康有序的法人退出机制,维护市场运行秩序和促进经济社会和谐稳定,最高人民法院出台的《关于适用〈中华人民共和国公司法〉若干问题的规定(二)》第十八条第二款,专门针对公司清算义务人怠于履行义务,导致公司主要财产、账册、重要文件等灭失,无法进行清算时,清算义务人对公司债务的连带清偿责任做出了规定,社会反响很好。人民法院在审理相关案件时,应当注意以下几点:


第一,“怠于履行义务”,包括怠于履行依法及时启动清算程序进行清算的义务,也包括怠于履行妥善保管公司财产、账册、重要文件等的义务。有限责任公司的中小股东虽然是公司的清算义务人,但如果其不掌控公司的主要财产、账册、重要文件等,没有能力决定清算程序的启动和对公司主要财产、账册和重要文件进行妥善保管的,公司解散未依法清算时,如果该股东有证据能够证明其已及时向公司提出了依法清算申请或者向法院提出了强制清算申请,或者能够证明公司主要财产、账册和重要文件灭失导致公司无法清算系公司控股股东和实际控制人行为所致,与其行为无关的,则该股东可不承担对公司债务的连带清偿责任。


第二,清算义务人承担公司债务连带责任的前提是清算义务人怠于履行相关义务导致公司无法清算,落脚点在于“无法进行清算”。也就是说,由于清算义务人怠于履行及时启动清算程序进行清算的义务,以及怠于履行妥善保管公司财产、账册、重要文件等义务,导致公司清算所必需的公司财产、账册、重要文件等灭失而无法清算,如公司清算义务人、主要责任人员下落不明,或公司重要会计账簿、交易文件等灭失,无法查明公司资产负债情况的;或公司主要财产灭失无法合理解释去向的;或因公司财务制度不规范,无法确定公司账簿真实性与完整性而无法清算等情况下,负有相关义务的清算义务人要对公司的债务承担连带清偿责任。如果仅仅是公司未在法定的十五日期限内组成清算组开始清算,但并未达到“无法清算”程度的,则应由清算义务人在造成法人财产减少的范围内对公司债务承担补充赔偿责任,而不是连带责任。


第三,“无法清算”情形下对清算义务人无限责任的追究,不以启动清算程序为前提。只要债权人能够举证证明由于清算义务人怠于履行义务,导致公司主要财产、账册、重要文件等灭失,无法进行清算的,人民法院即应对其要求清算义务人承担连带责任的诉讼请求予以支持。这里主要是举证问题。如果债权人无法自行举证证明债务人“无法清算”的,可以先行向人民法院申请对债务人进行破产清算或者强制清算。人民法院依法受理债权人的破产清算申请或者强制清算申请后,由于债务人“人去楼空”无人提交,或者债务人的有关人员拒不向人民法院提交,或者提交不真实的财产状况说明、债务清册、债权清册、有关财务会计报告以及职工工资的支付情况和社会保险费用的缴纳情况,人民法院以无法清算或者无法依法全面清算为由裁定终结破产清算程序或者强制清算程序的,债权人即可依据人民法院作出的终结裁定另行向人民法院提起诉讼,请求判决清算义务人对公司债务承担无限责任。人民法院可以根据破产清算和强制清算中作出的无法清算和无法依法全面清算的裁定,径行作出判决,而无需债权人再行举证证明,即人民法院作出的无法清算和无法依法全面清算的终结裁定具有当然的证据效力。


(作者单位:最高人民法院)

国家工商行政管理局关于对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限和程序的规定(附英文)

国家工商局


国家工商行政管理局关于对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限和程序的规定(附英文)

1989年2月1日,工商局

为了加强对中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业(以下统称外商投资企业)的监督管理,保护合法经营,依法查处违反登记管理法规的行为,根据《中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例》及其《施行细则》,特对处罚的权限和程序作如下规定:
第一条 县(区)及县(区)以上各级工商行政管理局,均有权对管辖区域内的外商投资企业进行监督检查。
第二条 国家工商行政管理局和国家工商行政管理局授权直接核准登记外商投资企业的地方工商行政管理局(以下简称受权的工商行政管理局),均有权依照有关规定和处罚权限对违反登记管理法规的外商投资企业进行处罚。
上级工商行政管理局对下级工商行政管理局作出的不适当的处罚有权予以纠正。
第三条 国家工商行政管理局对下列违反登记管理法规的外商投资企业进行查处:
一、国家工商行政管理局直接登记注册的外商投资企业;
二、国家工商行政管理局认为有必要直接查处的外商投资企业。
第四条 受权的工商行政管理局对违反登记管理法规的行为发生在本管辖区域内的外商投资企业进行查处。
受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局对外商投资企业依法作出没收非法所得超过人民币二十万元或罚款超过人民币二万元或吊销营业执照处罚的,应报国家工商行政管理局核批。
受权的市(地区)工商行政管理局对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限,由其所在的受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局区别具体情况,按照本规定的原则加以规定,并报国家工商行政管理局批准。
受权的市(地区)工商行政管理局依法作出的处罚决定超出其权限的,应报其所在的受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局或国家工商行政管理局核批。
第五条 受权的工商行政管理局对外商投资企业作出的处罚决定,应报送国家工商行政管理局和有关的工商行政管理局备案。
第六条 受权的工商行政管理局处理发生在本管辖区域内非本局核准登记的外商投资企业的违法行为时,应及时将查处情况及处理结果通知核准登记该企业的工商行政管理局。
第七条 没有处罚权的县(区)及县(区)以上的工商行政管理局在本管辖区域内发现外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为时,应当认真进行调查,提出处理建议,请示有处罚权的上级工商行政管理局。有处罚权的上级工商行政管理局应当在接到请示之日起一个月内予以批复,超出处罚权限的应逐级上报。
第八条 外商投资企业不得拒绝工商行政管理机关依法进行的监督管理和查处活动,并应当在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内执行处罚决定。对处罚决定不服的,应在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内向有处罚权的上一级工商行政管理局申请复议。上级工商行政管理局应当在收到复议申请之日起三十日内作出复议决定。复议期间,按原处理决定应收缴的罚没款可先予扣缴。
第九条 外商投资企业对地方工商行政管理局作出的复议决定或国家工商行政管理局作出的处罚决定或复议决定不服的,可以在收到复议决定或处罚决定之日起三十日内向人民法院起诉。逾期不提出申诉又不缴纳罚没款的,工商行政管理局可以按照规定程序通知其开户银行予以划拨。
第十条 工商行政管理局依法对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行查处时,应当指定专人负责并建立档案,当事人提供的证据材料应由当事人签字或盖章。负责查处的工商行政管理人员应严格遵守各项法规和外事纪律。对外商投资企业进行调查或检查时应由二人以上进行,并出示《中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局专用工作证》。
第十一条 对港、澳、台企业或华侨、港、澳、台同胞投资举办的合资经营企业、合作经营企业、独资经营企业,外国(地区)企业从事承包工程、承包经营管理、合作开发国内资源等经营活动,外国(地区)企业常驻代表机构,外国(地区)银行分行以及外商投资企业设立的从事经
营活动的分支机构和开展业务活动的办事机构的监督管理、处罚权限和程序,依照本规定执行。
第十二条 本规定自发布之日起执行。

REGULATIONS CONCERNING JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURES TO DEAL OUTPUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATIONS OF REGISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE DECREES BYFOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES

(Promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerceon February 1, 1989)

Whole Doc.
With a view to strengthening supervision and control over the
Chinese-foreign joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual joint
ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as
foreign investment enterprises), protecting legal management and dealing
out punishment for violations of registration administrative decrees
according to the law, the jurisdiction and procedures for such punishment,
in accordance with "Rules of the People's Republic of China on
Administration of Registration on Enterprise Legal Persons" and the
"Detailed Regulation" for its implementation, are defined as follows:
Article 1
The administrations for industry and commerce at the county
(district) level or above all have the right to supervise and examine the
foreign investment enterprises in the areas that come under their
jurisdiction.
Article 2
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the local
administrations that are empowered by the former to directly check and
approve the registration of foreign investment enterprises (hereinafter
referred to as empowered local administrations) all have the right, in
accordance with relevant regulations and limits of authority, to deal out
punishment for violations of registration administrative decrees by the
foreign investment enterprises.
Administration for industry and commerce at higher level have the
right to rectify the improper decisions of punishment by administrations
for industry and commerce at lower level.
Article 3
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce examines and deals
accordingly with the following foreign investment enterprises that violate
the registration administrative decrees:
(1) The foreign investment enterprises that are directly registered
at the State Administration for Industry and Commerce;
(2) The foreign investment enterprises that the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce deems it necessary to exercise direct
examination and punishment.
Article 4
The empowered local administrations examine and deal accordingly with
the foreign investment enterprises that violate the registration
administrative decrees in the areas under their jurisdiction.
Provided that the empowered provincial, autonomous regional and
municipal administrations expropriate over RMB 200000 yuan of the illegal
gains by the foreign investment enterprises, or mete out a fine of over
RMB 20000 yuan, or withdraw the business license, they have to report to
the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for examination and
approval.
The limits of authority of the empowered city (prefectural)
administrations for industry and commerce over punishment of foreign
investment enterprises that violate the registration administrative
decrees are defined by their respective empowered provincial, autonomous
regional and municipal administration in the light of specific conditions
and in accordance with these Regulations and should be reported to the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce for approval.
Provided that the empowered city (prefectural) administration make
decisions of punishment beyond the limits of their authority, they have to
report to their respective provincial, autonomous regional and municipal
administrations or the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for
examination and approval.
Article 5
The empowered local administrations have to report their decisions of
punishment of foreign investment enterprises to the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce or relevant administrations for records.
Article 6
If empowered local administrations deal with violations of foreign
investment enterprises that are not approved and registered in the
locality under their jurisdiction, they have to inform in time the
concerned administrations of their decisions.
Article 7
If county (district) administrations or above that are not empowered
with the authority over such punishment detect violations of registration
administrative decrees by foreign investment enterprises, they should
carry out conscientious investigation, propose a decision of prosecution
and defer to administrations at higher level empowered with such
authority. The latter must reply within 1 month as of the date of receipt
of the report. If the decision of punishment go beyond their competence,
they should report to the next superior administration.
Article 8
The foreign investment enterprises must not reject the supervision,
examination and prosecution by administrations for industry and commerce
according to the law and should implement the decisions of punishment
within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the notice. If they do not
accept the decisions, they should appeal for re- examination to
administrations at higher level empowered with such authority within 15
days as of the date of the receipt of the notice. The latter should make
its decision of re-examination within 30 days as of the date of receipt of
the appeal. Pending the decision of re-examination, the fines and
confiscations should be executed as has been originally decided upon.
Article 9
If the foreign investment enterprises refuse to accept the decisions
of re-examination by local administrations or decisions of punishment or
decisions of re-examination by the State Administration for Industry and
Commerce, they may bring the suit to the People's Court within 30 days as
of the date of receipt of the decision of re-examination or decision of
punishment. If they do not appeal nor hand in the fine and the confiscated
amount of money, the administrations for industry and commerce can, in
accordance with stipulated procedures, inform the banks where they open an
account and ask them to transfer the amount.
Article 10
When the administrations for industry and commerce are examining and
dealing with the foreign investment enterprises that violate the
registration administrative decrees they should appoint special persons to
be in charge and establish relevant records. The evidence provided by the
litigants should be signed and sealed by the litigants. The persons from
the administrations for industry and commerce who are in charge should
strictly observe relevant decrees and the disciplines guiding the handling
of foreign affairs. Investigation or examination of foreign investment
enterprises should be conducted by 2 persons or more who have to show
their "Special ID Cards of the PRC Administration for Industry and
Commerce".
Article 11
The supervision, administration, jurisdiction over punishment and its
procedures concerning joint or contractual ventures and the wholly
foreign-owned enterprises established by the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
enterprises, or by overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
compatriots, the projects and businesses contracted by foreign (regional)
enterprises and their cooperative development of domestic natural
resources, their permanent office, branches of foreign (regional) banks
and business branches established by foreign investment enterprises are
executed in accordance with these Regulations.
Article 12
These Regulations shall go into effect on the day of their
promulgation.


关于贯彻实施《甘肃省规章规范性文件备案审查办法》的通知

甘肃省嘉峪关人民政府办公厅


关于贯彻实施《甘肃省规章规范性文件备案审查办法》的通知


嘉政办发[2004]42号

各委、办、局,在嘉各单位:
《甘肃省规章规范性文件备案审查办法》(以下简称《办法》)已于2004年5月1日起施行。为了做好《办法》的贯彻实施工作,根据《甘肃省人民政府办公厅关于贯彻实施〈甘肃省规章规范性文件备案审查办法〉的通知》[甘政办发电(2004)35号]精神,结合我市实际,现就有关备案工作事项通知如下:
一、全市各行政机关要按照《办法》的规定,将本行政机关依照法定职责、权限和程序制定的面向社会、涉及管理相对人权利和义务,具有普遍约束力的规范性文件,依据《办法》规定的时间和方式报送备案。其中,由市政府发布的规范性文件,在交付印刷前由市政府办公室文档科报市政府法制办审核是否属备案的规范性文件;应向省政府备案的,市政府办公室文档科将应备案的规范性文件按《办法》要求的份数送交市政府法制办;市政府各部门及各街道办事处、各镇人民政府制定的规范性文件,由制定单位依照《办法》规定的方式和时限要求报市政府法制办备案;由几个部门联合发布的规范性文件,由主要办理部门负责向市政府法制办备案;实行垂直管理的行政机关制定的规范性文件,向上一级主管机关报送备案,同时报送市政府法制办备案。要切实做到有件必备、有备必审、有错必纠。对于不按照规定报送备案的,依照《办法》规定予以处理。
二、建立健全备案工作制度和机制。市政府法制办要确定专人负责备案文件的审查工作,区别情况及时作出处理。要做好备案登记文件的档案管理工作,使用由省政府法制办统一制定发放的备案文本格式,对报备的规范性文件要按照《办法》第二条、第四条、第五条的规定认真进行登记,建立相应的备案登记、公布、核查、通报制度,形成完备的备案流程管理,建立完整的备案资料档案。
三、组织开展学习宣传活动,为《办法》的实施营造良好的氛围。各行政机关要认真组织本机关工作人员学习《办法》的有关规定,深刻理解《办法》的内容和实质,提高行政机关工作人员特别是领导干部的备案意识和自觉性。
四、加强领导,落实保障措施。各行政机关要高度重视规范性文件的备案审查工作,切实加强领导,确定专人负责,落实备案工作人员,做到领导、机构、人员、职责四落实,尽快建立健全备案工作体系。
五、各部门在今年10月底前要对《办法》的实施情况进行一次全面检查,对存在的问题及时进行改进。市政府将于年底前对《办法》的实施情况进行抽查。


二00四年六月三日